K.S.A. 60-223.Class actions

Last amended July 1, 2010 · Last verified July 28, 2026

In one sentenceK.S.A. 60-223 lets one or more class representatives sue or be sued on behalf of an entire group when numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation are met, and it governs certification, notice, judgment, settlement, appeals, and the appointment of class counsel.

Full Text of K.S.A. 60-223

Text sizeJump to: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

(a) Prerequisites. One or more members of a class may sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf of all members only if:

(1) The class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable;

(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class;

(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class; and

(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.

(b) Types of class actions. A class action may be maintained if the prerequisites of subsection (a) are satisfied and if:

(1) Prosecuting separate actions by or against individual members would create a risk of:

(A) Inconsistent or varying adjudications with respect to individual class members that would establish incompatible standards of conduct for the party opposing the class; or

(B) adjudications with respect to individual class members that as a practical matter, would be dispositive of the interests of the other members not parties to the individual adjudications or would substantially impair or impede their ability to protect their interests; or

(2) the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds that apply generally to the class, so that final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory relief is appropriate respecting the class as a whole; or

(3) the court finds that the questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy. The matters pertinent to these findings include:

(A) The class member's interest in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions;

(B) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already begun by or against class members;

(D) the likely difficulties in managing a class action.

(1) Certification order.

(A) Time to issue. At an early practicable time after a person sues or is sued as a class representative, the court must determine by order whether to certify the action as a class action.

(B) Defining the class; appointing class counsel. An order that certifies a class action must define the class and the class claims, issues or defenses, and must appoint class counsel under subsection (g).

(C) Altering or amending the order. An order that grants or denies class certification may be altered or amended before final judgment.

(2) Notice.

(A) For subsection (b)(1) or (b)(2) classes. For any class certified under subsection (b)(1) or (b)(2), the court may direct appropriate notice to the class.

(B) For subsection (b)(3) classes. For any class certified under subsection (b)(3), the court must direct to class members the best notice that is practicable under the circumstances, including individual notice to all members who can be identified through reasonable effort. The notice must clearly and concisely state in plain, easily understood language:

(i) The nature of the action;

(ii) the definition of the class certified;

(iii) the class claims, issues or defenses;

(iv) that a class member may enter an appearance through an attorney if the member so desires;

(v) that the court will exclude from the class any member who requests exclusion;

(vi) the time and manner for requesting exclusion; and

(vii) the binding effect of a class judgment on members under subsection (c)(3).

(3) Judgment. Whether or not favorable to the class, the judgment in a class action must:

(A) In an action maintained as a class action under subsection (b)(1) or (b)(2), include and describe those whom the court finds to be class members; and

(B) in an action maintained as a class action under subsection (b)(3), include and specify or describe those to whom the notice provided in subsection (c)(2) was directed, who have not requested exclusion, and whom the court finds to be class members.

(4) Particular issues. When appropriate, an action may be brought or maintained as a class action with respect to particular issues.

(5) Subclasses. When appropriate, a class may be divided into subclasses that are each treated as a class under this section.

(d) Conducting the action.

(1) In general. In conducting an action under this section, the court may issue orders that:

(A) Determine the course of proceedings or prescribe measures to prevent undue repetition or complication in presenting evidence or argument;

(B) require, to protect class members and fairly conduct the action, giving appropriate notice to some or all class members of:

(i) Any step in the action;

(ii) the proposed extent of the judgment; or

(iii) the members' opportunity to signify whether they consider the representation fair and adequate, to intervene and present claims or defenses, or to otherwise come into the action;

(D) require that the pleadings be amended to eliminate allegations about representation of absent persons and that the action proceed accordingly; or

(E) deal with similar procedural matters.

(2) Combining and amending orders. An order under subsection (d)(1) may be altered or amended from time to time and may be combined with an order under K.S.A. 60-216, and amendments thereto.

(e) Settlement, voluntary dismissal or compromise. The claims, issues or defenses of a certified class may be settled, voluntarily dismissed or compromised only with the court's approval. The following procedures apply to a proposed settlement, voluntary dismissal or compromise:

(1) The court must direct notice in a reasonable manner to all class members who would be bound by the proposal;

(2) if the proposal would bind class members, the court may approve it only after a hearing and on finding that it is fair, reasonable and adequate;

(3) the parties seeking approval must file a statement identifying any agreement made in connection with the proposal;

(4) if the class action was previously certified under subsection (b)(3), the court may refuse to approve a settlement unless it affords a new opportunity to request exclusion to individual class members who had an earlier opportunity to request exclusion, but did not do so; and

(5) any class member may object to the proposal if it requires court approval under this subsection (e); the objection may be withdrawn only with the court's approval.

(f) Appeals. The court of appeals may permit an appeal from an order granting or denying class action certification under this section if application is made to the court within 14 days after the order is entered. An appeal does not stay proceedings in the district court unless the district judge or the court of appeals so orders.

(g) Class counsel.

(1) Appointing class counsel. Unless a statute provides otherwise, a court that certifies a class must appoint class counsel. In appointing class counsel, the court:

(A) Must consider:

(i) The work counsel has done in identifying or investigating potential claims in the action;

(ii) counsel's experience in handling class actions, other complex litigation and the types of claims asserted in the action;

(iii) counsel's knowledge of the applicable law; and

(iv) the resources that counsel will commit to representing the class;

(B) may consider any other matter pertinent to counsel's ability to fairly and adequately represent the interests of the class;

(C) may order potential class counsel to provide information on any subject pertinent to the appointment and to propose terms for attorney's fees and nontaxable costs;

(D) may include in the appointing order provisions about the award of attorney's fees or nontaxable costs under subsection (h); and

(E) may make further orders in connection with the appointment.

(2) Standard for appointing class counsel. When one applicant seeks appointment as class counsel, the court may appoint that applicant only if the applicant is adequate under subsection (g)(1) and (g)(4). If more than one adequate applicant seeks appointment, the court must appoint the applicant best able to represent the interests of the class.

(3) Interim counsel. The court may designate interim counsel to act on behalf of a putative class before determining whether to certify the action as a class action.

(4) Duty of class counsel. Class counsel must fairly and adequately represent the interests of the class.

(h) Attorney's fees and nontaxable costs. In a certified class action, the court may award reasonable attorney's fees and nontaxable costs that are authorized by law or by the parties' agreement. The following procedures apply:

(1) A claim for an award must be made by motion, subject to the provisions of this subsection, at a time the court sets. Notice of the motion must be served on all parties and, for motions by class counsel, directed to class members in a reasonable manner;

(2) a class member, or a party from whom payment is sought, may object to the motion;

(3) the court may hold a hearing and must find the facts and state its legal conclusions under subsection (a) of K.S.A. 60-252, and amendments thereto; and

(4) the court may refer issues related to the amount of the award to a special master as provided in K.S.A. 60-253, and amendments thereto.

End

Amendment History

L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-223; amended by Supreme Court order dated July 17, 1969; L. 1980, ch. 171, § 1; L. 1997, ch. 173, § 10; L. 2004, ch. 21, § 1; L. 2010, ch. 135, § 90; July 1.

Plain-English Summary

Before any class action gets off the ground, K.S.A. 60-223(a) requires four things at once: the class has to be so large that joining every member wouldn't be practical, the claims have to share common questions of law or fact, the representative's claims have to be typical of the class, and the representative has to be able to protect the class's interests. Meeting all four only opens the door — subsection (b) then requires the case to fit one of three categories, most commonly the third, where common questions predominate over individual ones and a class action beats the alternatives for resolving the dispute efficiently. The statute lists specific factors a court weighs in making that predominance-and-superiority call, from how much litigation is already underway to how hard the class would be to manage.

Certification isn't a one-time event that vanishes into the background. The court has to rule on it at an early, practicable point in the case, and that certification order has to define the class and appoint class counsel. The court can also revisit and amend a certification order any time before final judgment, which means a case can start as a class action and later shrink, split into subclasses, or narrow to particular issues under subsection (c).

Notice requirements track the type of class. Classes certified under the risk-of-inconsistent-adjudications or injunctive-relief categories get whatever notice the court thinks appropriate, but a class certified under the predominance category gets the best notice practicable, including individual notice to every member who can be identified through reasonable effort. That notice has to spell out, in plain language, the nature of the suit, the class definition, the claims at issue, the right to appear through an attorney, the right to opt out, and the deadline and method for doing so.

Settling, dismissing, or compromising a certified class's claims takes court approval, following a set procedure: notice to everyone who'd be bound, a fairness hearing, disclosure of any side agreements tied to the deal, and a chance for class members to object. A party seeking to appeal a certification ruling has 14 days to ask the court of appeals for permission, and that appeal doesn't pause the trial court case unless a judge orders otherwise. Subsections (g) and (h) round out the rule by setting the standard for appointing and evaluating class counsel and by governing how attorney's fees and nontaxable costs get awarded.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does a class have to show before a Kansas court will certify it?

K.S.A. 60-223(a) requires numerosity (joinder of all members would be impracticable), common questions of law or fact, typicality between the representative's claims and the class's claims, and adequate representation. The class also has to fit one of the three categories in subsection (b), most often the predominance-and-superiority category.

How much notice do class members get before a case moves forward?

It depends on the type of class. For a class certified under subsection (b)(3), the court must direct the best notice practicable, including individual notice to every member who can be identified through reasonable effort, covering the class definition, the claims involved, the right to appear through counsel, and the right and deadline to opt out. Classes certified under (b)(1) or (b)(2) get whatever notice the court finds appropriate.

Can a class action be settled without a judge's sign-off?

No. Subsection (e) requires court approval for any settlement, voluntary dismissal, or compromise of a certified class's claims, along with notice to affected members, a fairness hearing, and disclosure of any side agreements connected to the proposal.

How does a court pick class counsel?

Subsection (g) directs the court to consider counsel's work investigating the claims, experience with class actions and the type of claims at issue, knowledge of the applicable law, and the resources counsel will commit. If more than one adequate applicant seeks the role, the court must appoint whichever one can best represent the class.

Can I appeal right away if the court denies class certification?

The court of appeals may permit an appeal from an order granting or denying certification, but only if the losing party applies within 14 days after the order. The appeal doesn't stop proceedings in the district court unless a judge orders a stay.

Source & verification. Section text is reproduced verbatim from the Kansas Statutes Annotated, enacted by the Kansas Legislature. Last verified July 28, 2026. · Official source

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