Rule 223.3.Conduct of the Trial. Actions for Bodily Injury or Death. Jury Instructions on Noneconomic Loss.

Adopted August 20, 2004 · Last amended August 20, 2004 · Last verified June 30, 2026

In one sentenceRule 223.3 requires the court, in a bodily-injury or death case with a viable claim for noneconomic loss, to give the jury a specified instruction identifying the four components of noneconomic loss — pain and suffering, embarrassment and humiliation, loss of life’s pleasures, and disfigurement — and the factors to weigh.

Full Text of Rule 223.3

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In any action for bodily injury or death in which a plaintiff has raised a claim for a damage award for noneconomic loss that is viable under applicable substantive law, the court shall give the following instructions to the jury. The plaintiff has made a claim for a damage award for past and for future noneconomic loss. There are four items that make up a damage award for noneconomic loss, both past and future: (1) pain and suffering; (2) embarrassment and humiliation; (3) loss of ability to enjoy the pleasures of life; and (4) disfigurement. The first item to be considered in the plaintiff’s claims for damage awards for past noneconomic loss and for future noneconomic loss is pain and suffering. You are instructed that plaintiff is entitled to be fairly and adequately compensated for all physical pain, mental anguish, discomfort, inconvenience, and distress that you find (he) (she) has endured from the time of the injury until today and that plaintiff is also entitled to be fairly and adequately compensated for all physical pain, mental anguish, discomfort, inconvenience, and distress you find

(he)

(she) will endure in the future as a result of (his) (her) injuries. The second item that goes to make up noneconomic loss is embarrassment and humiliation. Plaintiff is entitled to be fairly and adequately compensated for such embarrassment and humiliation as you believe (he) (she) has endured and will continue to endure in the future as a result of (his) (her) injuries. The third item is loss of enjoyment of life. Plaintiff is entitled to be fairly and adequately compensated for the loss of (his) (her) ability to enjoy any of the pleasures of life as a result of the injuries from the time of the injuries until today and to be fairly and adequately compensated for the loss of (his) (her) ability to enjoy any of the pleasures of life in the future as a result of (his) (her) injuries. The fourth and final item is disfigurement. The disfigurement that plaintiff has sustained is a separate item of damages recognized by the law. Therefore, in addition to any sums you award for pain and suffering, for embarrassment and humiliation, and for loss of enjoyment of life, the plaintiff is entitled to be fairly and adequately compensated for the disfigurement (he) (she) has suffered from the time of the injury to the present and that (he) (she) will continue to suffer during the future duration of (his) (her) life. In considering plaintiff’s claims for damage awards for past and future noneconomic loss, you will consider the following factors: (1) the age of the plaintiff; (2) the severity of the injuries; (3) whether the injuries are temporary or permanent; (4) the extent to which the injuries affect the ability of the plaintiff to perform basic activities of daily living and other activities in which the plaintiff previously engaged; (5) the duration and nature of medical treatment; (6) the duration and extent of the physical pain and mental anguish which the plaintiff has experienced in the past and will experience in the future; (7) the health and physical condition of the plaintiff prior to the injuries; and (8) in case of disfigurement, the nature of the disfigurement and the consequences for the plaintiff.

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Plain-English Summary

This rule standardizes how juries are told to value noneconomic damages. In any action for bodily injury or death where the plaintiff raises a viable claim for noneconomic loss, the court must give the jury the instruction the rule sets out, which the Official Note lets the parties or the court modify to fit the case.

The instruction separates noneconomic loss into four items — pain and suffering; embarrassment and humiliation; loss of the ability to enjoy the pleasures of life; and disfigurement — for both past and future loss, and it lists the factors the jury considers, such as the plaintiff’s age, the severity and permanence of the injuries, and their effect on daily life.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the components of noneconomic loss in a Pennsylvania injury case?

The rule’s required instruction identifies four: pain and suffering; embarrassment and humiliation; loss of the ability to enjoy the pleasures of life; and disfigurement — each for both past and future loss.

Does the court have to give this instruction?

Yes. In a bodily-injury or death case with a viable noneconomic-loss claim, the court shall give the jury the instruction set out in the rule.

Official Note

Official Note: These instructions may be modified by agreement of the parties or by the court, based on circumstances of the case.

Amendment History

The provisions of this Rule 223.3 adopted August 20, 2004, effective December 1, 2004, 34 Pa.B. 4879; amended August 20, 2004, effective December 1, 2004, 34 Pa.B. 6505. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (305434) to (305435).

Source & verification. Rule text, the Official Note, and the amendment history are reproduced verbatim from the Pennsylvania Code, Title 231, the official compilation of rules adopted by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. Last verified June 30, 2026. · Official text

Also known as: noneconomic losspain and suffering instructionjury instructions damages